Starting with the affine case, if you try to define infinite dimensional affine space as Spec of k{x1,x2,...], then you realise that this is not a vector space of countable dimension, but something much larger. If you want a vector space over k of countable dimension, then this will not be a scheme, but instead will be an ind-scheme. A similar description should hold in the projective case.
Edit: Regarding why I am saying that Spec(k[x1,x2,...]) is too big: A (k-)point of Spec(k[x1,x2,...]) is an infinite sequence a1,a2,... of elements of k. If I wanted a vector space of countable dimension, then I should be asking for sequences a1,a2,... of elements of k, only finitely many of which are non-zero. This latter space is the inductive limit of affine n-space as n tends to infinity.
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