Perhaps something like the following works (I have not checked all the details):
Let C be a smooth plane conic and let Y be the projective cone over C. Then Cl(Y)=mathbbZ but the class group of the local ring of the vertex of Y is mathbbZ/2. Let X be affine cone over Y. Then the class group of the local ring
R of the vertex of X is mathbbZ but it seems that the class group of R localised at the prime ideal corresponding to the cone over the vertex of Y is mathbbZ/2.
EDIT
The above is wrong as pointed out by Hailong Dao in his comment. I try to fix it below:
Let Y be as above i.e. the singular quadric in mathbbP3 given by the equation x2+y2+z2=0. It may be viewed as the toric surface given by the complete fan with rays passing through (1,0), (0,1) and (−1,−2). Then Cl(Y)=mathbbZ and Pic(Y) is of index 2 in Cl(Y). Let Y′ be the blowup of Y at a non-singular torus fixed point. We may view
Y as the surface obtained from the fan for Y by adding the ray through the point (1,1). Let pi:Y′toY be the blowup map and let E be the exceptional divisor.
Then Cl(Y′)congmathbbZoplusmathbbZ and Cl(Y′)/mathbbZE=Cl(Y).
Let H be an ample divisor on Y. Then for n>>0, H′:=npi∗(H)−E is an ample divisor on Y′ (this is true for the blowup of a point on any surface). Note that Cl(Y′)/mathbbZH′congmathbbZ, so it is torsion free. SInce Y′ is a projective toric surface and H′ is an ample divisor, it follows that H′ is very ample and gives a projectively normal embedding of Y′ in mathbbP(H0(Y′,mathcalO(H′))).
As before, we now let X be the cone over Y′ and let R be the local ring of the vertex. We let P be the prime ideal corresponding to the cone over the singular point of Y′.
(Cl(Y) and Cl(Y′) can be computed by hand or using the toric description I gave and the results in Fulton, Toric Varieties, Sections 3.3, 3.4; the fact that an ample divisor on a projective toric surface is very ample is an Exercise at the bottom of p.70.)
Note that by letting R be the coordinate ring of Y′backslashD , where D is a general divisor linearly equivalent to H′ (so not containing the singular point) one gets a normal 2-dimensional (non-local) ring with Cl(R)=mathbbZ and with a prime ideal P such that Cl(RP)=mathbbZ/2 . In all of the above one can replace 2 by any integer n>1 (by considering the projective cone over the rational normal curve on degree n, or, in the toric description, replacing (−2,−1) by (−n,−1).
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