The use of pop-op text goes back a long time. Silent films mostly used intertitles rather than overlaid titles; these were both technically easier to produce and more dramatically effective than subtitles in the absence of a soundtrack to establish timing continuity, but certainly be the 1920s overlaying text on a scene for dramatic effect was not uncommon.
After the end of the silent era, on-screen overlaid text became less common, though films exhibited in regions whose language differed from the one in which the movie was shot would of course add translations in subtitles. Such translations were primarily focused on dialogue, but many translators would also subtitle signage, or documents that were shown on screen and read by the characters, etc. when such things were relevant to the plot of the film.
Further, while such techniques were not often employed in narrative films, it has for a long time been common for educational motion pictures to incorporate elements of educational slide shows (or non-moving film strips). Something like the Ferris Bueller clip shown above could be seen as a spoof of such films.
Although Sherlock may have established a particular style of pop-up messaging, many aspects of such usage go back many decades.
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