Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, fifth edition (1961) has this roundabout explanation for the origin of the phrase:
brass off, v.i. To grumble : military : C. 20. F[raser] & Gibbons[, Soldier and Sailor Words and Phrases (1925)]. Perhaps ex part brass-rags.
And here's Partridge's entry for part brass-rags:
part brass-rags. To quarrel : naval (from ca. 1890) > by 1900 military. Bowen[, Sea Slang (1929)], 'From the bluejacket's habit of sharing brass cleaning rags with his particular friend'.
It appears from these references that brass off was in use by the 1920s. The same meaning of brass off appears in Eric Partridge, [Slang To-day and Yesterday] (1935).
The "Supplement" section in Partridge's Dictionary of Slang, fifth edition, which collects all of the addenda to the first edition (of 1937), runs to almost 400 pages. It contains the following additional entries for brass off and brassed off:
brass off.—2. To reprimand severely: Services: since about 1939. H[unt] & P[ringle, Service Slang (1943)].
...
brassed off. Disgruntled, fed up: Services, orig. (?): Royal Naval since ca. 1927; general since ca. 1939. ,,, Sometimes a synonym for browned off; sometimes regarded as a shade milder.
However, John Ayto & John Simpson, The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang (1992) have a more conservative estimate of the date of origin of brassed off:
brassed off [adjective orig services'] Fed up. 1941– P. Brennan et al. Very tired and brassed off, we bundled our kit on our shoulders (1943).
A Google Books search for the various relevant phrases produces some interesting and fairly early results. From Mary Gaunt, Moving Finger (1895):
"You boy, trim that lamp," said Harper angrily. "Look here, my lad, you just keep your tongue lashed amidships, and don't go gassing about things that don't concern you in the least, or you and I'll part brass rags."
And from George Goodenough, The Handy Man Afloat & Ashore (1901):
A "monkey's fist" is anything that puzzles us, of which we can't make out the meaning or reason. Chums are often called raggies, from the fact that they generally establish a partnership in the brass rags used for polishing stanchions, &c., on deck. To part brass rags signifies a dissolution of partnership and friendly relations.
From Charles Gardner, First Blood for the R.A.F.: The Vlorous Story of the Advanced Air Striking Force in France (1940) [combined snippets]:
My last two nights in Paris I had a good time. Noel and I met Cobber—up for a day's leave to see the 73 Squadron doctor off to England. Cobber said he was "brassed-off," especially after he had got half-way home once, only to be called back to hand over his flight and teach two new-comers the way around. If ever anyone deserved a rest that boy does.
This use of brassed off certainly appears to mean "fed up" in the sense of being at one's limit to tolerate (without any sense of boredom). Two other sources source from 1941 have interpretations of their own. From John Hammerton, ABC of the RAF: Handbook for All Branches of the Air Force (1941) sees brassed off as being not merely a related term to browned off, but a diminutive of it.
Brassed off Diminutive of "browned off."
...
Browned off To be "fed up."
From Bernard De Voto, Saturday Review (1941) [snippet view]:
Brassed Off. To be very much fed up with boredom. (See also Browned off; Completely cheesed.)
Browned off. To be fed up with boredom.
...
Completely cheesed. Pretty much fed up with it all.
So whereas Hammerton sees brassed off as a diminutive of browned off with no particular connection to boredom, De Voto regards it as an intensifier of browned off—both of which, unlike completely cheesed, he links particularly to boredom.
I find it hard to believe that brassed off in the attested World War II sense of "fed up" has no connection to brass off in the 1920s and 1930s sense of "to grumble." However, Google Books searches don't give any published examples of brass off (or brassed off) in conversational or descriptive use during the 1920s and 1930s, so the print record isn't especially helpful here.
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