It is generally considered that D.W. Griffith (Birth of a Nation, et al) was the inventor of cross-cutting, as he tended to pioneer virtually every other editing technique in the early 20th Century - it is evident in his film A Corner of Wheat from 1909.
However, I have found an earlier example, The Great Train Robbery (1903).
Here is what elements of cinema has to say on the subject:
Also known as cross cutting, parallel editing gained prominence with Edwin S. Porter in his acclaimed movie The Great Train Robbery (1903). In this early picture, cross cutting is used to show what occurs in two different places but not much else. Though Porter didn't use the technique to its full potential, he was responsible for introducing the concept to the American film industry, allowing others to build upon it.
Here's a link to the wiki page on the subject.
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