algebraic groups - Whenever I read "centraliser of maximal split torus", I think of...

It would help to place your question in the context of the foundational 1965 paper Groupes reductifs by Borel and Tits, freely available online from
NUMDAM: http://archive.numdam.org/

For example, their Section 4 studies centralizers of maximal $k$-split tori
in terms of roots, parabolic subgroups, Levi subgroups. This set-up was used
by Tits to codify many details of the classification of semisimple groups over
fields of special interest: finite, local, algebraic number fields, etc.
Relative to a field of definition, certain Levi subgroups of parabolic subgroups
are natural examples of the centralizers you want. Your proposed example needs
to be placed more carefully within this Borel-Tits framework, I think.

The story about structure and classification of reductive groups over arbitrary
fields is a long one, but the Tits strategy is to start with the known split
groups and then adapt the Dynkin diagram to a field of definition. See his
paper in the proceedings of the 1965 AMS Summer Institute at Boulder, available
freely online through AMS e-math in the first part of the volume:
MR0224710 (37 #309)
Tits, J.
Classification of algebraic semisimple groups. 1966 Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Boulder, Colo., 1965) pp. 33--62 Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1966.
See the Web page http://www.ams.org/online_bks/pspum9/

More details were worked
out by a student of Tits at Bonn: see MR0432776 (55 #5759)
Selbach, Martin
Klassifikationstheorie halbeinfacher algebraischer Gruppen.
Diplomarbeit, Univ. Bonn, Bonn, 1973. Bonner Mathematische Schriften, Nr. 83. Mathematisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Bonn, 1976. v+140 pp.

Your group is of inner type A in the classification, using the Dieudonne
determinant notation. So this really isn't so "typical", but occurs in the
Tits list. The "split" data in his diagrams is somewhat independent of
the ground field, but the remaining classification problem for anisotropic
groups depends strongly on the field.