What you're describing is a person who thinks of himself/herself as exceptional in the original sense of the word - in different situations (s)he might think of himself/herself as being better than others, worse than others, or different in a way that invalidates any comparison. These days "exceptional" is often used to mean "better than", but the original meaning survives in phrases like "American exceptionalism" or "European exceptionalism" (in this case, the term might be something like "self-exceptionalism").
As far as an actual scientific term, you seem to be looking for an umbrella term covering several psychological terms for more specific biases, including:
Confirmation bias - The tendency to accept evidence that supports what we already believe and discard evidence that would force us to change our thinking.
Self-serving bias - The tendency to believe that our successes come from our own attributes, while our failures are the result of external factors beyond our control.
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